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Narrow-channel accumulated body nMOSFET devices with p-type side gates surrounding the active area have been electrically characterized between 100 and 400 K with varied side-gate biasing ( Vside ). The subthreshold slope (SS) and drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) decrease and threshold voltage ( Vt ) increases linearly with reduced temperature and reduced side-gate bias. Detailed analysis on a 27 nm × 78 nm (width × length) device shows SS decreasing from 115 mV/dec at 400 K to 90 mV/dec at 300 K and down to 36 mV/dec at 100 K, DIBL decreasing by approximately 10 mV/V for each 100 K reduction in operating temperature, and Vt increasing from 0.42 to 0.61 V as the temperature is reduced from 400 to 100 K. Vt can be adjusted from ∼ 0.3 to ∼ 1.1 V with ∼ 0.3 V/V sensitivity by depletion or accumulation of the body of the device using Vside . This high level of tunability allows electronic control of Vt and drive current for variable temperature operation in a wide temperature range with extremely low leakage currents ( < 10 −13 A). 

Abstract The dissemination of sensors is key to realizing a sustainable, ‘intelligent’ world, where everyday objects and environments are equipped with sensing capabilities to advance the sustainability and quality of our lives—e.g. via smart homes, smart cities, smart healthcare, smart logistics, Industry 4.0, and precision agriculture. The realization of the full potential of these applications critically depends on the availability of easy-to-make, low-cost sensor technologies. Sensors based on printable electronic materials offer the ideal platform: they can be fabricated through simple methods (e.g. printing and coating) and are compatible with high-throughput roll-to-roll processing. Moreover, printable electronic materials often allow the fabrication of sensors on flexible/stretchable/biodegradable substrates, thereby enabling the deployment of sensors in unconventional settings. Fulfilling the promise of printable electronic materials for sensing will require materials and device innovations to enhance their ability to transduce external stimuli—light, ionizing radiation, pressure, strain, force, temperature, gas, vapours, humidity, and other chemical and biological analytes. This Roadmap brings together the viewpoints of experts in various printable sensing materials—and devices thereof—to provide insights into the status and outlook of the field. Alongside recent materials and device innovations, the roadmap discusses the key outstanding challenges pertaining to each printable sensing technology. Finally, the Roadmap points to promising directions to overcome these challenges and thus enable ubiquitous sensing for a sustainable, ‘intelligent’ world. 

The Department of Biological Sciences at Minnesota State University, Mankato, a primarily undergraduate institution, is developing and implementing the “Research Immersive Scholastic Experience in Biology” (RISEbio) program. RISEbio is a National Science Foundation-funded scholarship and support program that is targeting incoming Biological Sciences freshmen with demonstrated financial need and academic potential. The overall goal of RISEbio is to increase student academic success through: (1) Increasing student social integration and support, (2) developing student technical and professional skills, and (3) implementing a freshman immersive research program. To form a social support network, scholars will be part of a RISEbio learning community. A unique, core component of RISEbio is to provide scholars with an authentic real-world research experience by modifying freshman research initiatives utilized by research-intensive universities to fit within the available infrastructure at Minnesota State University, Mankato. During a scholar’s first year, they exchange their Introductory Biology 1 lab for an applied course, Foundational Methods in Biology. In their second semester, scholars join a research stream in exchange for their Introductory Biology 2 lab. The stream research continues on to their third semester. One of two initial research streams is focused on neuroscience and is titled “Brain and Behavior.” Students in this stream examine the neural control of reproductive behavior by examining gene expression in the brain of the seasonally breeding green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Students will extract RNA from the hypothalamus of breeding and non-breeding lizard brains, then design primers and use quantitative PCR in conjunction with bioinformatic analysis to identify genes that are differentially expressed in the brain between seasons. If differentially expressed genes are found, students will learn how to design and perform in situ hybridizations to examine the localization of these genes within the brain. Following the third semester, scholars enter the “next steps” stage which offers support to identify additional opportunities on and off campus, including mentoring the next group of RISEbio Scholars or joining research labs to continue conducting undergraduate research. RISEbio will also provide a platform to test how this program translates to student persistence and academic success. To our knowledge, this is the first freshman research initiative developed at a regional comprehensive university.